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Preman (Indonesian gangster)
A preman is a member of an Indonesian organized gang, encompassing street level criminals up through crime bosses. Premans are often perceived negatively throughout Indonesian society due to associations with violence and criminality. This root word is derived from a term which describes the "confluence of state power and criminality". However, organized crime in Indonesia has a more enduring and complicated history, as the confluence of crime syndicates with perceived legitimate political authority has a history extending as far back as the Medang Kingdom.〔 While associated with brigandry and theft, Indonesian crime syndicates have periodically acted as enforcers to maintain authority and order.〔〔 The roles of the jago or ''jawara'' were particularly important during the Indonesian Revolution, as they often adopted political roles that helped consolidating the power of local authorities.〔 Despite their significance to Indonesian history, syndicates are universally marginalized due to associations with violence and social illegitimacy.
==Etymology==
The word ''jago'' literally means a rooster and refers to a type of strongman that exists as a part of the everyday life in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. The jago is a social and political actor in both recent and more distant history of Indonesia. In Indonesian popular culture, the jago is often romanticized as a champion of the people whose acts of violence are motivated by a deep sense of justice, honour and order.
The ''preman'' is the modern, diagonally opposite form of the jago. This word originated from the English word ''pre-man'', meaning before evolving to become human, reflecting the common perception of the physical appearances of the gangsters, who often look bulky, menacing, and clumsy like orangutans, and their mental state of being lazy and not progressive. Indonesians often refer to highly disliked and undesirable persons as "monyet", or "monkey" in English, referring to a monkey's scornful actions of stealing, grabbing, threatening, being untrustworthy, and behaving unpredictably. Foremost, the word "Preman" is intended to be derogatory and insulting as the society at large generally finds these people to be extremely repressive. Lacking the historical understanding of the word, many gangster leaders have assumed the understanding that the word originated from "vrijman" in Dutch or "free man" in English, an interpretation that infuses their personality and character with a much more positive connotation of someone who appreciates freedom and nature. Such a misconstrued understanding of the original form of the word received a strong boost after the current Vice President of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla, gave a rousing speech in the gathering of Pemuda Pancasila (generally considered one of the better organized groups of "premans" that is active in politics as well as in many illicit activities including gambling, debt collection, and extortion) which its top leadership echelon also attended. In his speech, Jusuf Kalla praised the constribution of "premans" in Indonesian society, specifically for not working as civil servants on government budget, to the bewilderment of the general public due to his shocking association with the group as well as his romanticization of the word "preman". The word "preman" is simply synonymous to "gangster" in the common perception of Indonesians.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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